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| Acarbose An oral hypoglycemic drug that retards carbohydrate absorption, thereby buffering the postprandial blood glucose peaks. ACE inhibitor A drug that lowers blood pressure but it is especially useful when diabetes affects the kidneys. Acetone A chemical substance that forms in blood when the body consumes fats in place of glucose (sugar) to obtain energy. The production of acetone implies that insufficient insulin is available, or that the cells are not able to take advantage of the insulin present in blood to transform glucose (sugar) into energy. Acetone is eliminated in urine. Occasionally, in the presence of high acetone concentrations, patient breath acquires an over-ripe fruity smell - the so-called "acetone breath". See also: Ketone bodies. Acidosis Excess acids in the organism. In diabetics, this gives rise to "diabetic ketoacidosis". See also: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Actos One of a new class of oral agents that lowers glucose by reducing insulin resistance. Acute An event taking place in a short period of time, of sudden onset; rapid and severe. Adrenal glands Two organs located on the upper pole of the kidneys, which produce and release hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine). This hormone, as well as others (including insulin) controls variations in blood glucose levels. Adrenaline Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. It helps the liver in releasing glucose, and also exerts a positive influence upon heart rate; adrenaline can raise arterial blood pressure. Adult diabetes Old term for non-insulin or type 2 diabetes. See also: Non-insulin dependent diabetes. Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) Combination of glucose and other substances in the body. Too much may damage various organs. Albuminuria Presence of elevated albumin levels in urine. The presence of albumin (a protein) in urine may indicate kidney disease - a problem that can develop in patients who have been suffering from diabetes for many years. Altered glucose tolerance Higher than normal blood glucose (sugar) levels, though lower than those observed in diabetics. Although many individuals present this alteration, it does not imply that they will develop diabetes as such. Such people are classified as "borderline", or are considered to have "subclinical", "latent" or "chemical" diabetes. Alpha cells Cells found in the pancreas, in zones known as "islets of Langerhans". Alpha cells produce and release the hormone known as glucagon, which raises glucose (sugar) levels in blood and is therefore an insulin antagonist. Amaryl An oral agent that lowers glucose by raising insulin levels. Amino acids Fundamental building blocks of proteins, which are the main components of cells. Insulin consists of a chain of 51 amino acids. Amyotrophy A form of diabetic neuropathy causing muscle wasting and weakness. Angiography Using a dye to take pictures of blood vessels to detect disease in diabetes, angiography is often used in the eyes. Angiopathy Blood vessel disease (arteries, veins and capillaries) that can develop in some diabetic patients after a prolonged evolutive period. It may manifest in two ways: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In the former, fatty plaques and blood clots develop in the large vessels and adhere to the walls, thus blocking blood flow. In microangiopathy, the walls of small caliber vessels thicken and weaken, thus facilitating the loss of blood and proteins through the walls, and blood flow throughout the organism is slowed. The cells (for example those of the center - or retina - of the eye) consequently do not receive enough blood and may suffer damage. Antagonist A substance that counters or arrests the action of another. As an example, insulin diminishes glucose (sugar) levels, while glucagon increases them; consequently, insulin and glucagon are antagonists. Antibodies Substances formed when the body detects something foreign such as bacteria. Antigens Substances against which the antibody forms. Antidiabetic drugs (medication) Substances that help the diabetic to control his or her blood glucose (sugar) level, thus improving body function. See also: Insulin, Oral hypoglycemic drugs. Antiseptic An agent that kills bacteria. Alcohol is the most common antiseptic. It is used to clean the skin before injecting insulin, in order to avoid infections. Arterial pressure Blood pressure against the arterial walls. Two arterial pressure values are measured: maximum (or systolic), when the blood expels the blood towards the arteries with each beat; and minimum (or diastolic), between one beat and the next. Thus, for example, if the recorded pressures are 120/80, "120" represents the systolic pressure and "80" the diastolic pressure. These two values are within the normal range. An excessively high arterial pressure may cause complications such as cardiac crises, thrombosis or brain hemorrhage. Arteriosclerosis Group of diseases that cause thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. In one type of arteriosclerosis the fatty layer within the arteries increases gradually, thus slowing blood flow. These diseases frequently manifest in individuals who have suffered diabetes for long periods of time. See also: Atherosclerosis. Artificial pancreas A large machine that can measure blood glucose and release appropriate insulin. Asymptomatic Absence of symptoms; no signs indicating disease are present. Asthenia Tiredness, to the point of feeling unable to do anything. Atherosclerosis One of the diseases in which fat plaques deposit in the walls of medium and large caliber arteries. These fatty accumulations may slow or even interrupt blood flow. The disease can develop in diabetics who have suffered the disease for long periods of time. Atrophy induced by insulin Small depressed areas arising on the skin, caused by repeat injection at the same point. They are not nocive. See also: Lipoatrophy, Rotation of injection site. Autoinmune disorder Disease in which the body mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Avandia One of a new class of oral agents that lowers glucose by reducing insulin resistance. |
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| Beta cells Cells found in the pancreas, in zones known as "islets of Langerhans". Beta cells produce and release insulin - the hormone which controls glucose (sugar) levels in blood. Biosynthetic insulin Synthetic insulin, identical to human insulin. See also: Human insulin. Bladder Swelling of the first bone of the big toe, or of the other toes, caused by an increase in subcutaneous fluid. It may be avoided by wearing comfortable shoes. Bladders can cause other problems, such as infections. See also: Foot care. Blood autoanalysis The analysis of glucose (sugar) in blood (glycemia) in the home of the patient. See also: Glycemia control. Blood glucose This is the most used sugar, and is synthesized in the body from three basic food components: proteins, fats and carbohydrates (though particularly from the latter). Glucose is the main energy source for living cells, and is transported to them in the bloodstream. However, cells are unable to make use of glucose without the help of insulin. Blood glucose concentration is also known as glycemia. Blood sugar See: Glycemia. Blood vessels A system of tubes that transport blood from and to the different regions of the body. The three main types of blood vessels are the arteries, capillaries and veins. Blood containing oxygen and nutritional substances is transported through the blood vessels to the entire body, thus allowing the cells to obtain necessary elements and eliminate their toxic waste. Body mass Index (BMI) A number derived by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height times the height in meters giving a result that reflects both factors. |
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| Callus Small areas of skin - generally on the sole of the foot - which have hardened and thickened as a result of friction and pressure. They may become more serious problems, for example, in severe infections. They can be avoided by wearing comfortable shoes. See also: Foot care. Calorie Unit expressing the energy supplied by food. Some foods possess more calories than others. Fats have a high caloric value, while many vegetables are low in calories. Diabetics must be trained to follow a diet with a calculated number of calories in each meal. See also: Diet, Exchange list. Capillaries These are the smallest blood vessels, with walls thin enough for glucose and oxygen to pass through to the cells, and toxic waste such as carbon dioxide, can be transported through the blood for expulsion out of the body. In certain cases - particularly in chronic diabetic patients - the capillaries are weakened, especially in regions such as the retina and kidneys. See also: Blood vessels. Carbohydrates One of the three main groups of foods and energy sources. Carbohydrates are predominantly sugars and starch, which the body converts to glucose (a simple sugar that the body uses to feed the cells). The organism also uses carbohydrates to produce a substance called glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles for future use. When sufficient insulin is no longer available, or that present cannot be adequately used, carbohydrates cannot be consumed as an energy source. See also: Fats, Proteins. Cardiologist A physician who sees and treats patients with heart diseases; heart specialist. Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries); the cardiocirculatory system. Chemical diabetes This term is no longer used. See also: Altered glucose tolerance. Cholesterol A fatty substance found in blood, muscle, liver, brain and in other human and animal tissues. The body produces and needs cholesterol. However, excess cholesterol can cause fatty accumulations in the walls of the arteries and cause a slowing or cessation of blood flow. Butter and egg yolk are high-cholesterol foods. Chronic Present for a long time. Diabetes is an example of a chronic disease. Circulation Blood flow from the heart to the blood vessels, and vice versa. Collateral reactions Nocive effect of a drug, substance, etc. Coma A state similar to sleep; unconsciousness. It may be due to excessively high or low glucose (sugar) levels in blood. Comatose A state of coma, unconsciousness. Complications of diabetes A pathological situation that may develop in people who have suffered diabetes for prolonged periods of time. Lesions may affect the retina (retinopathy), nervous system (neuropathy) and kidneys (nephropathy). Scientists of repute have claimed that a good control of glycemia and diabetes can reduce, delay or even prevent the onset of these problems. Confiture Fruit pulp prepared with saccharine, cyclamate and pectin. Congenital defects Problems or pathological states present at birth. Coronary disease Causes damage to the heart. The coronary arteries provide the heart with oxygen and food. Insufficient flow through these vessels - blocked by accumulated fat or thickened and hardened. Diabetic patients are at a high risk of developing coronary disease. Counter-regulation Release of hormones during situations of stress. These hormones include glucagon, adrenaline, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, and growth hormone; they trigger the release of glucose stored in the liver. Counterindications States in which a given treatment may prove useless and even deleterious. Coxsackie B4 virus Laboratory studies have shown that this virus can damage the beta cells of the pancreas. As a result, it could be a cause of insulin-dependent diabetes. Creatinine A chemical substance found in blood, and which appears in urine. The test by which creatinine is demonstrated in blood and in urine indicates whether kidney function is adequate or not. The most useful test is known as "creatinine clearance". Cutaneous ulcer A skin lesion. In diabetics, small wounds on the legs and feet (for example, blisters caused by uncomfortable shoes) may transform into ulcers that can in turn become infected. Cyclamate An artificial sweetener used in place of sugar due to its low calorie content. In some countries its sale is prohibited, for laboratory studies have found that large amounts of this substance can cause bladder cancer in experimental animals. |
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| Dawn Phenomenon The tendency for blood glucose to rise early in the morning due to secretion of hormones taht counteracts insulin. DCCT A 10-year study sponsored by the NIH, in which 1400 type I diabetics subjected to intensive treatment (insulin pumps or multidosing) or conventional management (two daily injections) were followed-up on. The study showed that improved glycemia control significantly reduces the risk of complications. Dehydration Large loss of body fluids. In the diabetic, the high glucose concentrations in urine lead to major water losses, and the patient suffers thirst. Delta cells Cells found in the pancreas, in zones known as "islets of Langerhans". Delta cells produce the hormone known as somatostatin, which is thought to possibly control the production and release of insulin by beta cells, and the production and release of glucagon by alpha cells. Desensitization This refers to a method for reducing or eliminating allergic reactions to a given substance. This is the case, for example, of a diabetic who suffers an allergic reaction to a high dose of bovine insulin. The physician first injects a small amount of this insulin, followed by the injection of increasing doses until the total or complete dose is reached. In this way, dangerous allergic reactions are prevented. Diabetes insipidus Disease of the hypophysis, different to diabetes mellitus. The term diabetes insipidus is used because these patients frequently exhibit symptoms analogous to those of diabetes mellitus: they have to urinate frequently, they suffer even hunger and intense thirst, and feel tired. However, no sugar is found in urine, and blood glucose levels are not increased. This disease is much less common than diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus A disease that appears when the body is unable to use sugars correctly. Sugar is needed by the body to cover the energy requirements of daily activities. Such sugar is obtained by transforming food into glucose (a form of sugar). Diabetes is said to exist when the body attempts to use the sugar present in the blood but is unable to do so because the pancreas either fails to produce insulin, or the organism cannot use the insulin produced. Insulin is secreted by beta cells within the so-called "islets of Langerhans", in the pancreas. Diabetes is in turn divided into two types: type 1 (or insulin-dependent) and type 2 (or non-insulin dependent). In insulin-dependent diabetes, the pancreas produces only minimum amounts of insulin, or no insulin at all. This type of diabetes is generally unpredictable in its manifestation, and the patient must daily follow three general rules to control glucose (sugar) levels in blood: inject insulin, follow a dietary plan, and do physical exercise. In non-insulin dependent diabetes, the pancreas does produce insulin, yet the latter is either scarce or ineffective. Patients with this type of diabetes sometimes manage to control the disease with a balanced diet and through physical exercise. In other cases, they must also resort to insulin injections or other oral hypoglycemic drugs. Approximately 90% of all diabetics are non-insulin dependent. Some are also overweight. Both types of diabetes occur at all ages, though the non-insulin dependent form generally manifests after the age of 40. In turn, type 1 diabetes usually develops before the age of 30. The symptoms of diabetes are: a frequent urge to urinate, weight loss, thirst and hunger. The untreated diabetic needs to urinate frequently, since blood glucose levels are high and the kidneys must work intensely in an attempt to lower blood sugar concentration. Hunger and tiredness in turn develop because the body is unable to make adequate use of food to produce energy. In insulin-dependent diabetes, if insulin levels are very low for prolonged periods of time, the body begins to make use of its fat reserves. This causes an increase in the presence of ketone bodies (acid) in the blood. The result of this process is ketoacidosis, a severe condition that may lead to coma if not treated immediately. The causes of diabetes are uncertain. Scientists believe that insulin-dependent diabetes represents a combination of diseases, the causes of which may be multiple: hereditary factors (parents and other relatives with the same disease), viruses, or even an erroneous response of the body to infection - with the generation of antibodies that damage or even destroy the pancreatic cells. Non-insulin dependent diabetes in turn seems to be intimately related to obesity and peripheral resistance to the action of insulin. Diabetes mellitus type 1 See: Insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes mellitus type 2 See: Non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (seasonal diabetes) Diabetic situation that may arise during pregnancy. In the second half of pregnancy blood glucose (sugar) levels may increase. At the end of pregnancy, the sugar (glycemia) levels return to normal in about 95% of cases. These women must also be controlled during pregnancy by the diabetologist. Diabetes self-management All diabetics must known their own disease and how to behave, even in difficult situations. Knowledge allows for improved treatment. See also: Glycemia control. Diabetic angiopathy See: Angiopathy. Diabetic ketoacidosis Poorly controlled (high blood sugar levels), severe diabetes that requires emergency treatment. Ketoacidosis develops when little insulin is available in the blood, as a result of disease, insufficient insulin dosing or scant physical exercise. The body begins to make use of its fat reserves to generate energy, producing ketone bodies as a result (nocive acids). The onset of ketoacidosis is slow but progressive. The symptoms are nausea, vomiting (which may cause dehydration), stomach pain, and deep and rapid breathing. If liquids and insulin are not administered, ketoacidosis gives way to coma and possibly even death. Diabetic neuropathy See: Neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy A disease of the small vessels of the retina (within the eye). In the early stages, the small vessels of the retina thicken, and a slight fluid loss occurs at the center of the retina. Vision becomes altered, and the corresponding condition is known as "initial retinopathy" (or "background"). Approximately 80% of people who present this background do not suffer serious vision problems, and in many cases the disease does not progress beyond this first phase. In any case, the subsequent phases may affect eyesight more seriously. Many new, small vessels are formed that spread throughout the eye. This is the so-called neovascularization phase. The vessels may rupture and bleed into the gel that fills the center of the eye, thereby blocking vision. Scar tissue can form from the fundus - a stage known as proliferative retinopathy - and cause loss of vision and even blindness. See also: Photocoagulation, Vitrectomy. Diabetogenous something that causes diabetes, such as some viruses and certain drugs. Diabetologist A physician who visits and treats diabetics. Diagnosis A term used by doctors to designate the definition of a disease. Dialysis A method employed to cleanse the blood of waste substances such as urea, in patients with kidney failure. There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In the former, the patient is connected to a machine (or "artificial kidney") that cleanses the blood by passing it through a system of tubes and filters. In the case of peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneum (a fine membrane lining the abdominal cavity) is irrigated by a tube with a special solution that absorbs the organic waste products that must be eliminated. This type of dialysis is performed in hospitals. The technique known as "ambulatory continuous peritoneal dialysis" allows this process to be carried out at home. Both types of dialysis are used to treat diabetics with severe kidney dysfunction. Diastolic (minimum) pressure See: Arterial pressure. Dietary fiber A diet rich in vegetable fiber can contribute to reduce blood glucose (sugar) levels. Dietary fibers are cellulose, pectin and gum. Some are contained in raw foods such as legumes, while others are present in commercial products (Leiguar, Guargel). Dietary plan A guide for controlling total calories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the diet. The diabetic may adapt his or her diet according to a so-called "list of exchange", to secure a good control of the disease. See also: Exchange list. Dietary specialist (dietologist) A nutritional expert who helps people to know the type and amount of food to be consumed in different health conditions. Disease control Control is the term used when the deleterious effects of the disease can be limited. The diabetic can be controlled by compliance with dietary instructions, physical exercise and regular medication - when necessary. These precautions allow the patient to keep his or her glucose (sugar) levels constant, i.e., neither too low nor too high. See also: Diabetes self-management. Diuretic A drug that increases urine flow to free the body of excess liquids. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) A chemical substance present in the cells of plants and animals; it provides the cell with instructions on what to do and when. DNA contains all the information inherited from the parents. |
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| Fasting glycemia test A method for determining blood glucose levels (glycemia). The test may identify the presence of diabetes. In a laboratory or clinic, a blood sample is collected (generally in the morning, before breakfast and about 8 hours after the last meal): if the glucose (sugar) levels are normal, the values will be 70-100 mg/dl. Concentrations in excess of 140 mg/dl generally indicate diabetes. Patients with a high glycemia value should seek medical help as soon as possible. Fats One of the three main food components and also an energy source for the body. Fats help the organism use some vitamins and to keep the skin healthy. They are also the main form of stored energy within the body. Foods contain three types of fats: saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, and are especially of animal origin (e.g., butter, lard). Their utilization may contribute to increase cholesterol levels (a substance very similar to fats, and found in the blood). Unsaturated (or monounsaturated) fats are "neutral" fats, for they neither raise nor diminish blood cholesterol concentrations. Olive and peanut oils are examples of unsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are of plant origin (soy, sunflower or corn). These fats may contribute to decrease blood cholesterol. See also: Carbohydrates, Proteins. Fatty Acids These are the most elementary forms of fat. In the presence of very low blood insulin levels, or in the absence of sufficient glucose (sugar) in blood, the body consumes fatty acids to meet energy requirements. Ketone bodies are the waste products of this process; they cause blood acidity to increase and may give rise to ketoacidosis, a very serious problem. See also: Diabetic ketoacidosis. First urine sample First micturition after several hours, as for example upon waking up in the morning. Food substitution See: Exchange list. Foot care The reduction of blood flow to the legs can lessen sensitivity; in consequence, diabetics should pay special attention to foot care and avoid the formation of blisters, callosities, hardness, and wounds. After washing, the feet, toes and any tender nails must be carefully examined. Socks or nylon or cotton stockings should always be worn, along with comfortable shoes (preferably made of leather). Walking barefoot should be avoided. If wounds or other alterations are observed, the diabetologist must be quickly consulted. Fractionated urine collection Urine collection at certain times of the day - generally from morning to lunch, from lunch to dinner, from dinner to bed time, and from bed time to waking up in the morning. Frequency The percentage of persons in the general population who suffer from a given disease. Fructosamine Test An important test for evaluating metabolic control during the two weeks before the extraction of blood samples (glycemic indicator of retrospective utility) Fructose A sugar present in many fruits, in vegetables and honey. It is used to sweeten certain dietary foods. Fundus of the eye Internal part of the eye, including the retina. Fundus of the eye, examination Examination of the internal part of the eye, to evaluate possible damage of the vessels transporting blood to the retina. The physician uses an instrument called an ophthalmoscope to this effect. In many cases a few drops are applied to dilate the pupil, before the exploration. The patient should avoid driving vehicles after an examination of the fundus with pupil dilatation. |
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| Galactose A type of sugar found in dairy products and beet sugar; it is also produced within the organism. Gangrene Death of body tissues, in many cases caused by excessive slowing of blood flow - particularly in the lower limbs (legs and feet). Gargline Insuline A new long-acting insulin analog active during 24 hours. See also: Lantus. Gastroparesis A form of autonomic neuropathy involving nerves to the stomach so that food is held in the stomach. Gene Biological unit of inheritance. Genes consist of DNA, a chemical substance that instructs the cell about what to do and when. DNA contains all the information inherited from the parents. Thus, for example, the genes can instruct certain cells to produce red hair or brown eyes, etc. Genetics Relating to genes. See also: Gene, Inheritance. Gestosis during pregnancy Situation in which organic waste accumulates in the body instead of being eliminated. It can be dangerous for the mother and fetus. The first symptoms are swelling around the eyes and ankles (edemas), hemicrania, arterial hypertension and increased body weight - which can be mistaken by the mother as being part of the logical weight gain of pregnancy. Acetone and glucose may appear in urine. The physician must be informed immediately when these phenomena occur. Gland A group of specialized cells that produce and secrete substances used by other parts of the organism. As an example, the pancreas is a gland that produces insulin, which is in turn used by cells to convert glucose (sugar) into energy. See also: Endocrine glands. Glimepiride See Amaryl. Glucagon A hormone that raises blood glucose (sugar) levels, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas (found in the so-called islets of Langerhans) and secreted when blood sugar levels are low. In cases of hypoglycemic coma, glucagon is used to rapidly raise glycemia. Glucose Pump See: Microinfusor. Glycemia The level of glucose in blood. See also: Glucose, Blood glucose. Glycemia Control (Monitorization of blood glucose) This represents a way in which to analyze the amount of glucose present in the blood. A drop of blood extracted from the yolk of the finger or ear lobe is placed on a special strip of paper. The latter is chemically treated to change color according to the amount of glucose present in the drop of blood. It is thus possible to immediately know whether blood glucose concentration is high, normal or low. The strip may be read in two ways: by visual comparison of the color generated with the reference colors printed on the package labeling (Dextrostix strips for the determination of glycemia), or by evaluating the strip with a small machine (reflectometer): the strip is introduced in the machine, which precisely reads the amount of glucose in blood. Glycemia self-control The diabetic must learn to determine glycemia by him- or herself, every day and at certain hours, to know the sugar levels in blood and thus improve treatment. See also: Glycemia control. Glycemic Index The extent to which a given food raises blood glucose usually compared to white bread. Low glycemic index food are preferred in diabetes. Glycogen A substance composed of sugars and stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen is the main reserve of rapidly available energy in the organism. Glycosylated hemoglobin (or glycohemoglobin) test A test for determining the average glycemia levels in the two months preceding the test. See also: Hemoglobin A1C. Glucose A simple sugar found in the blood. It is the main energy source of the body, and is also known as "dextrose". See also: Blood glucose. Glycosuria Presence of glucose (sugar) in urine. |
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| Health care education This can also be called instruction of the diabetic patient. It represents a fundamental instrument to allow diabetics to know how to better care for themselves. The physician or health care professional must teach the patient everything required for daily, unassisted personal care in the home. See also: Glycemia control, Diabetes self-management. Hemodialysis A method for cleansing and removing toxic waste from the blood, performed by means of a special apparatus, in patients with kidney disease. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) (Glycosylated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin) A substance contained within the red blood cells that transports oxygen to the cells, and which binds to glucose when glycemia is high. Since glucose becomes bonded for the entire duration of the half life of a red cell (approximately three months), the concentration of HbA1C reflects the average glycemia level during the months preceding the examination. Hemostasia The state of harmonic, balanced body function, when all the internal systems are in equilibrium. High density lipoprotein (HDL) A particle in blood that carries cholesterol and helps reduce arteriosclerosis. HLA antigens Proteins that determine acceptance or rejection by the organism. These proteins differ from one person to another. Scientists believe that people possessing certain types of HLA antigens are more susceptible to develop insulin-independent diabetes. Hormones Chemical substances secreted by special cells, and which give instructions to other cells. As an example, insulin is a hormone that provides other cells with instructions concerning the use of glucose (sugar) for the production of energy. Human insulin (from recombinant DNA) Synthetic insulin identical to that produced by the human body. It is synthesized in the laboratory using Escherichia coli, and has been available on the market since 1986. See also: Insulin. Hyperglycemia Excessively high blood glucose levels, indicating that diabetes is not adequately controlled. There are many causes of hyperglycemia. It manifests when the body fails to produce insulin in sufficient amounts, or when the insulin available cannot be properly used for converting glucose into energy. The symptoms of hyperglycemia are intense thirst and hunger, dryness of the mouth and a frequent urge to urinate. In insulin-dependent diabetics, prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to ketoacidosis. Hyperinsulinemia Excessively high blood insulin levels. This happens when the body produces too much insulin, or when administered exogenous insulin doses are too high. High blood insulin may cause excess depression of blood glucose (sugar) concentrations. The symptoms of hyperinsulinemia are trembling, nervousness, weakness, mental confusion, excess sweating, headache and hunger. See also: Hypoglycemia. Hyperlipemia. Hyperlipidemia Excessively high blood fat levels, observed in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hypertrophy induced by insulin Subcutaneous nodules produced by repeat injections at the same point. See also: Lipodystrophy, Rotation of injection site. Hypoglycemia Excessively low blood sugar levels. This is observed when the diabetic injects too much insulin, eats too little or performs intense physical exercise without an adequate diet. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are trembling, nervousness, weakness, itching, mental confusion, excess sweating, headache, hunger and blurry vision. The administration of sugar, fruit juice or sweet foods contributes to resolve the situation within 10-15 minutes. Hypophysis. Pituitary gland An endocrine gland located in a small bony cavity at the base of the brain. The hypophysis possesses multiple functions in the human body, including growth, the use of food and reproduction. |
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| Immune suppression Suppression of the autoimmune system. People who receive pancreatic or kidney transplants are given immune suppressor medication to avoid rejection of the new organs. Impotency Impossibility in the male of having an erection and ejaculating. Some patients present impotency after having suffered from diabetes for long periods of time, due to the nerve lesions (neuropathy) caused by the disease. In some cases the problem bears no relation at all to diabetes, and can be treated with adequate therapy. Incidence The frequency of a disease: the number of new cases of the disease that appear in a population over a given period of time. Ingestion The oral intake of food, liquids or medicines. Inheritance The transmission of somatic characteristics or features (for example, eye color) from parents to offspring (a person has blue eyes because one or both parents possess this same feature). The transmission of such features is carried out by the genes. Injection The introduction of fluids in the body by means of a needle and syringe. The diabetic injects insulin by inserting the needle under the skin (subcutaneous injection). Other methods include injection into a vein (intravenous injection) or muscle (intramuscular injection). Injection, advisable zones Points of the body where insulin can be injected more easily: the external surface of the arm, the abdomen (excluding the area around the navel), upper buttocks, under the hip bone, and anterior surface of the thigh. The zones may be varied according to the body constitution of the patient. Injector A pressurized device for the subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of a substance, without the use of a needle. It can also be used to inject insulin. Insulin A hormone that helps the body cells to transform glucose into energy. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas (in the islets of Langerhans). In diabetes, the lack of sufficient endogenous insulin is compensated for by the administration of insulin of some other origin (porcine, bovine, human, or semisynthetic porcine insulin). Insulin allergy A condition that arises when the diabetic develops adverse reactions after the administration of exogenous insulin of bovine, porcine or bacterial origin. This happens because such types of insulin are not identical to human insulin, or because they contain impurities. Two forms of allergy are observed: local and systemic. Local allergy manifests in the injection zone, in the form of reddening and itching. In contrast, systemic allergy affects the entire organism. There may be swelling or red spots all over the body, with alterations in heart and breathing rhythm. The physician treats this form of allergy either by prescribing purified insulin, or by adopting desensitization measures. See also: Desensitization. Insulin analog A type of insulin obtained in the lab by recombinant DNA technology. Insulin antagonist Any substance that opposes or counters the action of insulin. The latter causes blood glucose levels to decrease, while glucagon raises them; consequently, glucagon is an insulin antagonist. Insulin aspart See: Novolog. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus A chronic alteration in which insulin produced by the pancreas is scarce or even absent. In such cases the body is unable to use glucose (sugar) for the production of energy. In general, insulin-dependent diabetes develops in an unpredicted manner. The symptoms are thirst and hunger, the need to urinate frequently, and weight loss. Treatment consists of insulin injections, a balanced diet and daily physical exercise. This form of diabetes generally manifests in children and young adults under the age of thirty. It is also called "juvenile diabetes", "juvenile onset diabetes", "diabetes with a tendency towards ketosis", and "type 1 diabetes mellitus". Insulin fixation When insulin is fixed to something. This can be expressed in two ways: (a) fixation of insulin to the external cell surface, when energy is required for cell function. In this case the cell transports glucose towards its interior, where it is quickly converted to energy. (b) In some cases, however, the body exhibits a "self-damaging" effect, i.e., it acts against itself. In this second case insulin binds to proteins (antibodies) usually involved in protecting the body against foreign substances. The body considers insulin of bovine, porcine or bacterial origin as "foreign", and such types of insulin are thus fixed to the antibodies. When insulin binds to the latter, its action is no longer effective. Insulin infusor See: Microinfusor. Insulin reaction Excessively low glycemia values (hypoglycemia). This is observed when the diabetic injects too much insulin, eats too little or performs intense physical exercise without an adequate diet. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are trembling, nervousness, weakness, mental confusion, excess sweating, hemicrania. Insulin receptors Zones of the cell membrane that allow the binding of insulin present in the blood. When the cell and insulin join in this way, the cell is able to capture glucose from the blood and use it to produce energy. Insulin resistance A situation in which the organism does not allow insulin to be used as it should. In order to reduce glucose levels to normal values, the administration of insulin in doses of as high as 200 units daily may be required, or the conversion to other more purified forms of insulin. In general, this situation is observed in overweight patients, and can be remedied by adequate weight loss. Insulin resistance syndrome A combination of hypertension, increased visceral fat, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, often obesity and high uric acid associated with increased heart attacks. Insulin unit A unit of measure of insulin. As an example, U-40 insulin means that each cubic centimeter of liquid contains 40 units of insulin. Insulinoma A tumor of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas). Although generally benign, this tumor can lead to the overproduction of insulin, with the resulting hypoglycemic crises. Intramuscular injection Introduction of a fluid into muscle by means of a needle and syringe. Intravenous (endovenous) injection Introduction of a fluid into a vein by means of a needle and syringe. Islet transplantation Transfer of beta cells of the pancreas from one living organism to another. Beta cells produce insulin needed by the body to convert glucose (sugar) into energy. This method, which in the future may help many diabetics, is presently in the experimental stage. Islets of Langerhans A special group of cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete hormones for the transformation and utilization of food. The name originates from Paul Langerhans, the German scientist who discovered them in 1869. These cells are distributed in groups within the pancreas. An islet of Langerhans consists of five types of cells: alpha cells, which produce glucagon; beta cells, which produce insulin; delta cells, which produce somatostatin; and pp and D cells - of which little is presently known. |
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| J A hollow glass or plastic cylinder for the injection of fluids into the tissues. The syringe has numbers on its outer surface, indicating the contents in cubic centimeters. In contrast, the insulin syringe reflects the number of insulin units to be injected. |
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| Ketoacidosis See : Diabetic ketoacidosis. Ketoacidotic diabetic coma A severe emergency, with unconsciousness; attributable to excessively high blood glucose (sugar) concentrations and the presence of abundant ketone bodies (acids). The affected individual is generally red in the face, and suffers dryness of the mouth and skin. Breathing is rapid (panting), with a smell of over-ripe fruit; the pulse is fast and weak, and arterial pressure is low. See also: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Ketone bodies Chemical substances produced by the body when insulin is insufficient and the organism must burn fat to produce energy. Ketone bodies can poison or even kill cells in the absence of sufficient insulin; they accumulate in the blood, and are posteriorly eliminated in urine. One particular type of ketone body is called acetone; this substance is eliminated by the lungs, giving the breath a typical over-ripe fruity smell. If ketone bodies remain in the blood for prolonged periods of time, they may cause coma. See also: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Ketonuria The situation in which ketone bodies appear in urine. It represents an alarm signal to diagnose possible diabetic ketoacidosis as quickly as possible. Ketosis Presence of ketone bodies in the tissues and body fluids. Symptoms of ketosis are nausea, vomiting and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. Kidneys Two bean-shaped organs located posteriorly within the abdominal cavity, that eliminate toxins and waste products from the blood by means of a series of filters. The kidneys also control the levels of chemical substances in blood, such as carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium and phosphates. Kussmaul respiration (or breathing) A panting-like form of breathing, typical of ketoacidosis or diabetic coma. The first doctor to observe this phenomenon was Adolph Kussmaul, a German physician of the last century. It is also known as "air hunger". |
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| Labile diabetes A term used in cases where glucose (sugar) levels oscillate rapidly from minimum to maximum values. Also defined as unstable diabetes. Lactic acidosis Excess production of lactic acid in the body. Cells produce lactic acid when they transform glucose (sugar) into energy. If lactic acid levels rise excessively in blood, body equilibrium is altered, resulting in malaise. The symptoms of lactic acidosis are breathing difficulties (panting, shortness of breath), vomiting and abdominal pain. Lactic acidosis may be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis, liver diseases or kidney disorders. Lactose A type of sugar found in milk and dairy products. Lancet (punction needle) A very fine needle used to puncture the skin to obtain a drop of blood from the yolk of the finger (capillary blood), for the evaluation of glycemia. Lantus A once-a-day insulin analogue that delivers 24 hour coverage. Laser therapy Treatment with laser light for the healing of wounds. The diabetic can benefit from laser therapy by detaining the progression of retinopathy. See also: Photocoagulation. Latent diabetes A term (no longer used) referring to altered glucose tolerance. Lipids The term means "fat". The body accumulates fat for use as an energy reserve. If, under certain conditions, the body requires more energy, the accumulated lipids can be transformed into sugar for use as energy. Lipoatrophy Small irregularities that form in the skin as a result of repeated injections in the same place. See also: Lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy Small subcutaneous nodules that form as a result of repeated injections in the same place. The phenomenon is not lesive, however. The best way to avoid them is to frequently change the site of insulin injection. The use of new purified insulins considerably reduces this complication. See also: Rotation of injection site. LisPro A short-acting insulin analog active in 15-30 min and gone by three to four hours. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) A particle in the blood containing cholesterol and thought to be responsible for atherosclerosis. |
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| Macroangiopathy A disorder of the large blood vessels, that manifests in diabetics who have suffered the disease for long periods of time. Fat accumulations and blood clots develop within the large vessels, adhering to the arterial walls and altering blood flow as a result. See also: Angiopathy. Manifest diabetes Clear symptoms of diabetes, such as intense thirst and a frequent desire to urinate. Maturity diabetes Term (no longer used) in reference to non-insulin dependent or type 2 diabetes. See also: Non-insulin dependent diabetes. Metabolic Control The term used is "degree of metabolic control". A diabetic patient is said to have a good metabolic control when glycemia is constantly kept in the range of 100 to 180 mg/dl throughout the day, and sugar is either low or absent in urine. Diabetics in this situation not only feel well, but are moreover at a lesser risk of developing the terrible complications of the disease later on. See also: Glycemia control. Metabolism A system employed by the body to chemically transform foods and secure survival. The process comprises two parts: catabolism - which is when the body uses food to obtain energy - and anabolism, which is when food is used by the body to construct and/or repair tissues and cells. Metformin An oral agent for diabetes that lowers glucose by blocking release from the liver. Microalbuminuria Microscopic loss of albumin in urine, in amounts greater than normal, and which may imply the beginning of kidney deterioration caused by diabetes. Microaneurysm Small dilatations that can form in the walls of small vessels. These dilatations can rupture, thus expelling blood to the near-lying tissues. Diabetics often suffer this problem - particularly in the retina. Microangiopathy A disease of the small blood vessels, occasionally observed in diabetics who have had the disease for long periods of time. The walls of the blood vessels thicken and weaken, losing blood and proteins, and slowing blood flow in the body. Some cells, such as those in the fundus of the eye, can be damaged by the diminished blood flow. Microinfusor A device that infuses insulin for 24 hours, at low doses. The apparatus is connected to the body by means of a plastic tube fitted with a needle inserted under the skin. The microinfusor keeps insulin levels stable between meals. At the time of a meal, a previously established insulin dose is injected by means of the keyboard, before beginning to eat. The pump is battery-operated, and is used by insulin-dependent diabetics. Micturate Urinate Monitorization of glycemia in the home of the patient A method for determining glucose (sugar) levels in blood. It is also known as glycemia self-control. See also: Glycemia self-control. Monounsaturated fat One form of fat from vegetable sources like olives and nuts that does not raise cholesterol. Morbidity Proportion between the ill and healthy population. Morning phenomenon Glycemia increase occurring in the early hours of the morning, as a result of the combined effect of excess hyperglycemic-action hormone levels during these hours (cortisol, growth hormone, ACTH), and the existence of a relative insulin deficit. Mortality Proportion between the individuals who die of a given disease and the total population. Terms often used are the number of deaths per 1000, 10,000 and 100,000 individuals. Multiple dose insulin therapy (intensive insulin therapy) A therapeutic regimen consisting of four or more daily injections of insulin, required to achieve a good metabolic control. See also: Metabolic control. |
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| Neovascularization In reference to the development of new blood vessels (capillaries), such as for example around and within the eye. See also: Diabetic retinopathy. Nephrologist A physician specialized in kidney diseases. Nephropathy Any chronic disorder caused by kidney cell alterations. Diabetics who have suffered from the disease for long periods of time may develop nephropathy. Neurologist A physician specialized in diseases of the nervous system. Neuropathy A disease of the nervous system. Many chronic diabetics suffer neurological disorders. Although the latter may affect any part of the body, diabetics often suffer pain and itching in the feet, legs and hands (peripheral neuropathy). Neuropathy can also manifest in the form of double vision, diarrhea, bladder paralysis, or loss of sensitivity. In males it may cause impotency. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Approximately 90% of all diabetics suffer this form of the disease. Unlike in the case of insulin-dependent diabetes, where the pancreas fails to produce insulin, in these patients the pancreas does produce insulin, though in insufficient amounts to cover the needs of the organism. In most cases, this form of diabetes can be controlled by diet and physical exercise. When these two management measures prove insufficient, the administration of insulin or an oral hypoglycemic drug may become necessary. There are also cases of non-insulin dependent diabetes where the pancreas effectively produces large amounts of insulin, but the body tissues are resistant to its actions. The incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is greater among people over the age of forty, who are moreover generally overweight. Non-insulin dependent diabetes is presently also known as "type 2 diabetes". Non-ketone (hyperosmolar) coma A type of coma caused by low blood insulin levels. It implies: (a) very high blood glucose (sugar) levels, (b) the absence of ketoacidosis, (c) severe dehydration, and (d) mental confusion or a comatose state. Non-ketone coma is the result of other problems, such as severe infections or kidney failure. Normal insulin Rapid action insulin. Novolog A short-acting insulin analog active in 15-30 min. and gone by three to four hours. |
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| Obesity Excess body mass; more than 20% higher than the ideal weight in relation to subject age, sex, height and skeletal constitution. Fat counters insulin action. Obesity is a risk factor in relation to diabetes. Oculist, ophthalmologist A physician who treats eye problems and diseases, and who may prescribe lenses in the case of vision disorders. OGTT See: Oral glucose tolerance test. Oral glucose tolerance test (oral glucose overload curve) A test used to establish a predisposition to diabetes, performed in a laboratory or clinic, and involving several phases. A first blood sample is obtained under fasting conditions, followed by further samples at fixed intervals after drinking a liquid containing a pre-established dose of glucose. The results reflect how the patient responds to a glucose challenge. Oral hypoglycemic drugs Pills or capsules taken by the diabetic to reduce blood glucose levels. They are useful in cases where the pancreatic production of insulin is scarce but present. These drugs help the organism in different ways, including the stimulation of the pancreatic cells to release more insulin. Overload curve See: Glucose tolerance test. |
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| Pancreas An organ located behind the lower portion of the stomach, and approximately of the same size as the hand. It produces insulin, which is used by the body to convert glucose into energy. It also produces enzymes, which help to digest food. The pancreas contains zones known as the islets of Langerhans. The cells within these zones have specific functions: alpha cells produce glucagon; beta cells produce insulin; delta cells produce somatostatin; and little is presently known of the activity of the pp and D cells. Pancreatectomy Surgical removal of the pancreas. Pancreatic transplantation A procedure still in the experimental stage, and which implies transplanting a healthy pancreas that produces insulin to a diabetic. The healthy pancreas can be obtained from a dead person or from a living relative of the patient. In the latter case only half of the organ is transplanted, to make sure that insulin production is sufficient for both individuals. Pancreatitis Inflammation (with pain - spontaneous and elicited upon applying pressure) of the pancreas, which may interrupt its function. It can be caused by excess alcohol intake, gallbladder diseases or viruses. Parodontopathy Diseases of the gums. Diabetics are more likely to suffer these problems. Peak Period of time in which the maximum effect of a drug occurs - for example, when insulin exerts its maximum action upon blood glucose (sugar). Pediatric endocrinologist A physician who treats children with problems affecting the internal secretion glands. The pancreas is one such internal secretion (or endocrine) gland. Peptide C The pancreas releases this substance into the blood in amounts equal to those of insulin. By analyzing the peptide C levels we obtain a measure of the corresponding insulin output. Peripheral neuropathy See: Neuropathy. Peritoneal dialysis System for the cleansing of blood in patients with kidney failure. See also: Dialysis. Peripheral vascular disease Alterations of the blood vessels of the arms, legs and feet. Patients who have suffered diabetes for long periods of time may become affected when their limbs no longer receive the required blood supply. The symptoms are pain in the arms, legs and feet - particularly when walking - as well as the appearance of wounds on the feet, that heal very slowly. Although all diabetics are susceptible to these disorders, the control of diabetes, blood pressure, the suppression of tobacco and careful foot care may contribute to delay their onset. Pharmacist A person authorized to prepare and distribute medication, and provide information concerning them. Photocoagulation Application of a very powerful light beam (laser) to coagulate bleeding vessels, as for example in the eye. It may also be used to eliminate blood vessels that should not be present within the eye. It is the most commonly applied treatment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Physical exercise See: Physical activity. Physical activity Physical exercise (walking, running, etc.) is very important in the treatment of diabetes, as it diminishes glycemia (the amount of sugar in blood). This must be taken into account when a diabetic takes oral hyperglycemic tablets or injects insulin, as it can cause hypoglycemia. In obese non-insulin dependent diabetics, a weight-losing diet is important. Pioglitazone See: Actos. Podology Foot care. Polydipsia Excessive thirst; a symptom of diabetes. Polyphagia Excessive hunger; a symptom of diabetes. Paradoxically, it is often associated to simultaneous weight loss. Polyunsaturated fat A form of fat from vegetable sources that may not raise cholesterol but lowers HDL. See also: Fats. Polyuria The frequent urge to urinate, generating large amounts of urine; a symptom of diabetes. Postprandial glycemia A blood evaluation performed one or two hours after a meal, to study blood glucose levels. Potential glucose tolerance anomaly This refers to those people who, though presenting normal diabetes tests, are nevertheless at risk of developing the disease due to causes such as for example hereditary factors. The term was also known as "prediabetes" or "potential diabetes". Prandin An oral agent that lowers glucose levels by causing insulin secretion. Pre-eclampsia A condition observed in certain diabetic women in the final stages of pregnancy. Two of the symptoms are arterial hypertension and swelling, caused by the accumulation of large amounts of liquid within the cells. Prediabetes See: Prior glucose tolerance anomaly. Prior glucose tolerance anomaly This refers to people who previously presented abnormal blood glucose test results, but presently yield normal results. This term was also known as "latent diabetes" or "prediabetes". Prognosis Prediction of the course of a disease. Proinsulin A substance produced by the pancreas and subsequently converted into insulin. When bovine or porcine insulin is purified, proinsulin is not entirely suppressed. As a result, the use of these insulins can trigger allergic reactions with reddening of the skin, insulin resistance, or the appearance of subcutaneous nodules or small depressions of the skin at the injection sites. Purified insulins contain proinsulin and other impurities in much smaller amounts. Proliferative retinopathy A disease of the small vessels of the retina. See also: Diabetic retinopathy. Prosthesis An artificial body component: arm, leg, etc. It may also be a graft, such as a hip prosthesis. Proteins One of the three main types of food. Proteins are composed of amino acids - the building blocks of cells. The latter need proteins for growth and maintenance. Proteins are found in many foods, such as chicken, red meat, fish and eggs. See also: Carbohydrates, Fats. Proteinuria The appearance of abnormal amounts of protein in urine. It may be a symptom of kidney failure. Purified insulins Insulins containing minimal amounts of proinsulin and other impurities. It is thought that the use of purified insulins can reduce or avoid some of the problems observed in diabetics, such as allergic reactions. |
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| Reagents Strips or tablets containing chemical substances used for analyzing glucose in blood or urine, or for measuring the presence of acetone in urine. These reagents change color during the test. Each reagent possesses its own colorimetric code for determination of the amount of glucose or acetone present in the sample. Urine reagents are reactive strips such as Clinistix, Diastix, Keto-diastix, Ketostix and Test Tape. In turn, Clinitest consists of tablets. Reagents for blood glucose are Haemo-glukotest 20-800 R, Dextrostix and Glucostix - among others. See also: Glycemia control, Urine analysis. Rebound Oscillations in blood glucose levels which, following hypoglycemia, reach very high values. See also: Somogyi effect. Receptors Zone of the cell membrane that allows insulin to bind to the cell. See also: Insulin receptors. Remission A period in which a chronic disease such as diabetes seems to have disappeared. In these periods of remission, insulin-dependent diabetics must take little insulin, because the pancreas temporarily functions again. Renal Related to the kidneys. Repaglinide |
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| Saccharine A synthetic sweetener that lacks calories and is used in place of sugar. Saccharose Table sugar: a type of sugar that the body can transform into a simpler form for absorption into the blood and transport towards the cells. Saturated fats A type of fat of animal origin. See also: Fats. Second urine sample Urine sample collected 30 minutes after having emptied the bladder. Secondary diabetes Diabetes caused by some other disease or by drugs. Segregate Produce and alter. Thus, for example, the beta cells produce insulin and segregate it into the blood, to allow other cells to transform glucose into energy. Self-control card A special card where all diabetics who have understood the importance of home self-control note down their glycemia levels, and urine analytical results. This card must be presented when visiting the physician. Shock A serious state of the organism; diabetics can suffer shock when blood glucose levels drop rapidly. See also: Hypoglycemia. Somatostatin A hormone produced by the delta cells of the pancreas (in zones known as the islets of Langerhans). This substance is thought to control the secretion of the other pancreatic hormones, i.e., insulin and glucagon. Somogyi effect A former believed rapid increase in blood glucose in response to hypoglycemia, today is not accepted anymore at least in diabetic subjects. Sorbitol A sugar of alcoholic origin that the body employs very slowly. A sweetener used in diets. It is also known as a nutrient sweetener (like table sugar and meals), as it contains four calories per gram. S.O.S. (emergency cards or messages) Messages that inform care-givers of medical problems such as diabetes or allergies to drugs, and which are usually carried by the patient. Starlix An oral agent that lowers glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion, short acting is taken just before meals. Subclinical diabetes A term no longer used. See also: Altered glucose tolerance. Subcutaneous injection Introduction of a fluid into the subcutaneous tissue (immediately under the skin) by means of a needle and syringe. See also: Injection. Sugar Sweet-tasting carbohydrate. Sugar provides immediately available energy for the body. Sugars include glucose, lactose, fructose and saccharose (or sucrose). Sulfonylurea A group of substances used to diminish blood glucose levels. They are only administered to non-insulin dependent diabetics. See also: Oral hypoglycemic drugs. Summer camps Summer camps for diabetic children and adolescents; under the guidance of diabetologists, they learn about their own disease and how to improve treatment, in the course of holidays by the sea or in the country. Syndrome A set of symptoms or manifestations that warn of potential health problems. Symptom A sign of disease. The frequent urge to urinate is a symptom of diabetes. Systolic (maximum) pressure See: Arterial pressure. |
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| Tocologist A physician who treats women during pregnancy and delivery. Toxic Lesive. Trauma Body wound or damage. The term "psychological trauma" refers to situations of great stress. Traveling and Diabetes Diabetics may travel, though taking care to comply with the programmed diet and insulin injections. In hot weather, insulin must be stored in the refrigerator. True threshold A point at which an excess of certain substances in the blood (for example, glucose) causes them to appear in urine and thus become eliminated from the body. Twenty-four hour urine The amount of urine eliminated by the patient in 24 hours. |
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| U-40 See: Insulin unit. Unsaturated fats A type of fat. See also: Fats. Unstable diabetes A situation in which blood glucose levels change abruptly; glycemia therefore rises and drops quickly - even when few insulin units are administered. This condition is more difficult to treat. Urea The main organic waste product of the body, derived from food metabolism. It is eliminated in urine. Our organism uses necessary substances and eliminates toxic substances in urine. Urine analysis An analysis to determine the presence and amount of glucose (sugar) and ketone bodies in urine. Special reactive indicator strips or tablets are immersed in the urine sample; the resulting color changes indicate the presence and amount of glucose (glycosuria) or acetone (acetonuria) in urine. See also: Reagents. Urologist A physician who treats diseases of the urinary tract and male sexual organs. Urticaria A skin reaction characterized by the appearance of reddish or white weals - either clearer or darker than the surrounding skin - and which is often associated to itching (pruritus). It constitutes a manifestation of allergy. |
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| Vascular Related to the blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries). Veins Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart. See also: Blood vessels. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) The main particle in the blood that carries triglyceride. Vitrectomy Removal of vitreous (gel) from the center of the eyeball, when scars or blood prevents correct vision. The ophthalmologist replaces vitreous with a transparent fluid. See also: Diabetic retinopathy. Vitreous Part of the inner eye filled with a jelly-like fluid, where hemorrhages may appear and thus seriously affect patient vision. |
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